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Programming languages explained

Filter by category to see what each language does, its popular frameworks and where we use it at Shastika.

WebWe use it

JavaScript

The language of the browser.

JavaScript runs in every web browser and, through Node.js, on servers too. It powers interactive websites, dashboards and single-page applications.

Used for
  • Interactive websites
  • Web apps
  • APIs (Node.js)
  • Browser extensions
Popular frameworks
ReactNext.jsVueAngularExpress
Strengths

Huge ecosystem, one language for front-end and back-end, fast iteration.

At Shastika

Front-end interfaces and Node.js services.

WebWe use it

TypeScript

JavaScript with safety nets.

TypeScript adds static types to JavaScript so mistakes are caught while coding rather than in production. It is the standard choice for large, long-lived JavaScript projects.

Used for
  • Large web applications
  • Typed APIs
  • Component libraries
  • React Native apps
Popular frameworks
Next.jsNestJSAngularReact Native
Strengths

Fewer runtime bugs, better editor support, easier refactoring.

At Shastika

Maintainable front-ends and shared types between app and API.

BackendWe use it

Python

Readable, versatile and the home of AI.

Python is known for its clean syntax and enormous library ecosystem. It is the leading language for data science, machine learning and automation, and is widely used for web back-ends.

Used for
  • Web back-ends
  • AI & machine learning
  • Automation scripts
  • Data analysis
Popular frameworks
DjangoFlaskFastAPIPandasTensorFlowPyTorch
Strengths

Rapid development, rich AI libraries, easy to learn.

At Shastika

Django back-ends, AI integration and automation.

BackendWe use it

PHP

The workhorse of the web.

PHP powers a large share of the web, including WordPress. Modern PHP with the Laravel framework is a productive, secure choice for business applications.

Used for
  • Business web apps
  • CMS websites
  • E-commerce
  • REST APIs
Popular frameworks
LaravelSymfonyWordPress
Strengths

Easy hosting, mature tools, quick to build CRUD-heavy systems.

At Shastika

Laravel-based business and billing applications.

Backend

Java

Enterprise-grade reliability.

Java is a statically typed language that runs on the JVM and is trusted for banking, large enterprises and Android. It emphasises stability, performance and scalability.

Used for
  • Enterprise back-ends
  • Banking systems
  • Android apps
  • Large-scale services
Popular frameworks
Spring BootHibernateJakarta EE
Strengths

Mature, scalable, strong tooling and talent pool.

At Shastika

Often taught at Algoriq as a core programming foundation.

Backend

C#

Microsoft's modern all-rounder.

C# is used for Windows software, enterprise back-ends with .NET, and game development with Unity.

Used for
  • Enterprise apps
  • Windows software
  • Games (Unity)
  • APIs
Popular frameworks
.NETASP.NET CoreUnity
Strengths

Productive tooling, strong typing, cross-platform .NET.

At Shastika

Integrating with Microsoft-based enterprise environments.

Backend

Go

Simple, fast, built for the cloud.

Go (Golang) was created at Google for scalable network services. It compiles to fast single binaries and handles concurrency elegantly.

Used for
  • Microservices
  • Cloud tooling
  • High-throughput APIs
Popular frameworks
GinEchoFiber
Strengths

Performance, simplicity, easy deployment.

At Shastika

Considered for high-load services.

MobileWe use it

Dart

The language behind Flutter.

Dart is a client-optimised language from Google used with Flutter to build natively compiled apps for mobile, web and desktop from one codebase.

Used for
  • Cross-platform mobile apps
  • Flutter web & desktop
Popular frameworks
Flutter
Strengths

Beautiful UI, hot reload, single codebase.

At Shastika

Flutter mobile applications.

Mobile

Kotlin

Modern Android development.

Kotlin is Google's preferred language for Android. It is concise, null-safe and fully interoperable with Java.

Used for
  • Android apps
  • Server-side apps
  • Multiplatform
Popular frameworks
Jetpack ComposeKtorSpring
Strengths

Concise syntax, safety, first-class Android support.

At Shastika

Native Android modules where needed.

Mobile

Swift

Apple's language for iPhone and Mac.

Swift is the modern language for building iOS, iPadOS, macOS and watchOS apps with Apple's frameworks.

Used for
  • iOS apps
  • macOS apps
  • Apple Watch apps
Popular frameworks
SwiftUIUIKit
Strengths

Performance and deep platform integration.

At Shastika

Native iOS modules where needed.

DatabaseWe use it

SQL

The language of data.

SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to store, query and manage data in relational databases such as MySQL and PostgreSQL. Every business application depends on it.

Used for
  • Reports
  • Transactions
  • Data analysis
  • Data migration
Popular frameworks
MySQLPostgreSQLSQL ServerSQLite
Strengths

Powerful, standard, reliable.

At Shastika

Database design, optimisation and reporting.

WebWe use it

HTML & CSS

The structure and style of every page.

HTML defines the content of web pages and CSS controls their appearance and layout. Together they are the foundation of every website.

Used for
  • Web pages
  • Responsive layouts
  • Email templates
Popular frameworks
Tailwind CSSBootstrapSass
Strengths

Universal, accessible, fast.

At Shastika

All of our web interfaces.

Systems

Rust

Safety and speed.

Rust delivers C-like performance with memory safety guarantees, making it popular for performance-critical and security-sensitive software.

Used for
  • Systems programming
  • WebAssembly
  • CLI tools
  • Secure services
Popular frameworks
ActixAxumTokio
Strengths

Memory safety without garbage collection.

At Shastika

Reference topic for advanced learners.

Systems

C / C++

Close to the machine.

C and C++ give direct control over hardware and memory, powering operating systems, embedded devices, game engines and high-performance software.

Used for
  • Operating systems
  • Embedded devices
  • Game engines
  • Performance-critical code
Popular frameworks
QtUnreal EngineSTL
Strengths

Maximum performance and control.

At Shastika

Taught as fundamentals for understanding how computers work.

Data & AI

R & Julia

Statistics and scientific computing.

R and Julia are specialised languages for statistics, research and numerical computing.

Used for
  • Statistical analysis
  • Research
  • Visualisation
Popular frameworks
tidyverseShiny
Strengths

Powerful analytics packages.

At Shastika

Specialised analytics projects.

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